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15 February 1999, Volume 0 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Official Books and Bureaucratic Culture in Late Imperial China WEI Pi-Xin, LI Bo-Zhong 1999, 0(1): 3-20.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1955KB) ( )   The author of this essay is currently engaged in compiling a critical bibliography of the handbooks for officials composed during the imperial period(中国官箴公牍评书目). The present essay was composed in the course of this bibliographical work. The essay is divided into two parts. Part one examines the place of official handbooks in the history of administration in late imperil China. It seems that the fast increase in the output of official handbooks(官箴) and guides(指南) of all sorts in the late Ming and the Qing must be considered in relation with the expansion of the state apparatus and with a trend towards more specialization in  administrative work during that period. The author stresses the important contribution of the private secretaries(muyou幕友)during the  Qing; the muyou wrote a large number of specialized handbooks. The author also discusses the emergence and role of an “administrative elite”(治国精英) during the Qing period. The elite was composed of activist administrators with a very high idea of their duty towards the people and of the difficulty of their tasks; it included not only officials, but also muyou and other people interested in administration; it seems to have had a deep sense of its own importance as a community with shared pre-occupations and ideals. In part two the author attempts a classification of the various types of official handbooks. He first discusses their contents(内容)，and the genres(形式). As far as contents are concerned, the main distinction is between texts insisting on the  behavior of officials(行为), and texts insisting on the technical aspects of administrative work(技巧)，and texts insisting on the technical aspects of administrative work(技巧). Of course, many books combine the two types of contents, in variable proportion. As far as genres are concerned, the author discusses, among others,(1)the anthologies of official documents(公牍选编)， which became an important type of materials for the instruction of officials during the Qing;(2)the handbook for magistrates(州县官入门书)，which include many celebrated books like those of Huang Liuhong(黄六鸿) or Wang Huizu（汪辉祖）; and (3)the specialized handbooks for muyou(幕学书) Related Articles | Metrics

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中国人民大学清史研究 LI Hong-Bin 1999, 0(1): 21-29.  Abstract ( )   PDF (833KB) ( )   The Qing-Shun War was a trial of strategic strength between Duoergun and Li Zichheng. Li Zicheng was defeated at Shanhaiguan and was forced to evacuate Beijing. Afterwards Li was defeated in Tongguan and was compelled to abandon Xi’an. Finally Li was defeated at Jiujiang and killed at Jiugong mountain. The Qing-Shuan War ended in victory for the Qing and the failure of Shun. Related Articles | Metrics

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中国社会科学院经济研究所 LI Bo-Zhong 1999, 0(1): 30-38+108.  Abstract ( )   PDF (981KB) ( )   Based copious historical data, this paper rigorously analyzes the demand for fertilizer in the Jiangnan region during the Ming-Qing Period. The author finds that from the end of the Ming to the mid-Qing, the total capacity for fertilizer increased by 90%. As for the degree of increase, the total capacity for fertilizer of Chongde county increased by 123% greatly exceeding the rate of increase for the Jingnan region as a whole. Jiashan county and Shanghai county increased capacity by 70% and 56% respectively, far below the rate for Jiangnan as a whole, but the capacity of applied fertilizer reached the average level of Jiangnan region at the end of the Ming. Shanghai couty slightly exceeded this average but Chongde county surpassed the average level by 50%. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Preliminary analysis of the Administration of Towns in the Qing Dynasty ZHANG Yan 1999, 0(1): 39-52.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1054KB) ( )   Based on abundant historical evidence, the author examines the management of towns in the Qing from a variety of angles and draws she following conclusions:1)the town played a pivotal role between city and countryside and between upper and lower classes;2)town management of the Qing government had two important components, defense and tax revenue;3)the town management of the Qing was restricted by many factors;4)the official management system of towns maintained close links with the non-government management system. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Development of the Jiayi Region in Taiwan and Environmental Change during the Qing LI Ruo-Wen 1999, 0(1): 53-61.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3194KB) ( )   Taiwan was a frontier society during the Qing dynasty. Following the influx of migrants the environment was gradually transformed. New settlements were formed and their was an increased interaction between human beings and nature. This development, which has drawn scant attention from historians, warrants greater scrutiny. This article examines environmental changes resulting from the development of the Jiayi region from 1683-1895 taking special note of the interactions between human beings and nature. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of the Impact of Natural Disastes on Primitive Accumulation during the Early Stages of Industrialization in China XIA Ming-Fang 1999, 0(1): 62-81.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2231KB) ( )   This article investigates the concrete effects of natural disasters on primitive capited accumulation and the development of commodity and labor markets during the self-strengthening movement. It is extremely difficult to implement modern development projects when agricultural production is broken and stagnant in view of historical realities rather than arguing that china’s villages were confined by modernization, it would be more correct to say that early modernization was confined by china’s villages. Related Articles | Metrics

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Yuan Shikai’s True Role during the Hundred Days’ Refor DAI Yi 1999, 0(1): 82-88.  Abstract ( )   PDF (771KB) ( )   For a time during the Hundred Days’Reform, Yuan Shikai kaned forward the reformers, maintaining Confact through Xu Shichang. At the crucial moment, though, he shrank from the dangerous steps of executing Rongly, besieging the Summer palace, and seizing the Empress Dowager Cixi. Yuan had still not disclosed the consptiacy when be return to Tianjin on September 20, but on learning of the coup from Yang Chongyi the next evening, he believed that the secret was out. To salve himself, he revealed the entire plot, with the result that a great many reformers were arrested or dismissed from office. Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhang Zhidong and the Hundred Days’ Reform FENG Tian-Yu 1999, 0(1): 89-95.  Abstract ( )   PDF (768KB) ( )   Although Zhang Zhidong drew close to reformists for a time in 1896, helping to finance their publications, he did not truly support the reform movement. Even at the time of his most harmonious relations with Liang Qichao and other reformers, Zhang remained uncompromising in his attitude toward all opinions that violated feudal ethics. The Contradiction sharpened as the reforms progressed, and in 1898, to save his own interests, Zhang wrote Exhortation to learning a frontal attack on reformist thought, this amplified both the connectedness and the contradictions between the Selt-streng thening official and the reform movement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Wo Ren and the Political Situation During the Xianfeng and Tongzhi Reigns ZHAO Zhi-Heng 1999, 0(1): 96-102.  Abstract ( )   PDF (704KB) ( )   Wo Ren was a famous lixue scholar in the late Qing. This article systematically studies Wo Ren’s life story and thoughts drawing the following conclusions: Wo Ren’s thought and proposals were incompatible with reality of the turbulent political situation of his day. Herein lies traedy of Wo Ren’s life and the tragedy of lixue also. Related Articles | Metrics