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15 February 2006, Volume 0 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Peasant Associations in the Late Qing Dynasty LI Yong-Fang 2006, 0(1): 1-16.  Abstract ( )   PDF (652KB) ( )   Peasant associations arose in the late Qing dynasty in the context o f a deepening national crisis and the decline of Chinese agriculture. Industrialists and capitalist reformers advocated the formation of peasant association and Xinzheng Reforms directly promoted their establishment Established in July 1907, the Agricultural Association of Zhili played a leading role in the rise of peasant associations around the country Peasant associations had self- contained organization and developed extensive agricultural activities. The membership of peasant associations was complex and their institutional organization was marked by modern democratic characteristics The activities of these associations were civil but government officials supervised them Affiliated with the government peasant associations in the late Qing dynasty were modern social organizations that sought to reform agriculture. Related Articles | Metrics

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Grain Markets and Commodity Circulation in Hunan in Late Qing and Republican China TIAN Jiong-Quan 2006, 0(1): 17-28.  Abstract ( )   PDF (499KB) ( )   The export of Hunan grains to other provinces and its circulation with in the province witnessed sustained growth that exceeded the high Qing period Coarse cereals became an important marketable grain Contrary to the view point that Hunan was a landlord- oriented market this paper argues that the grain market w as a peasant- oriented market during the late Qing and Republic Foreign goods, including fo reign rice, did not occupy a large proportion of the trade .Thus, this paper casts doubts on the notion that rural China was semi-colonia l and semi- feudal, at least in term s of the effects of aggressive economic imperialism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Study on the Rate of Return on Investment in Land and Commerce in Huizhou WANG Chong-Xun 2006, 0(1): 29-36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (368KB) ( )   Based on historical records from Huizhou, this paper calcula tes the annual ratio of investment and profit on the absolute sales of paddy land was 6 67% prior to the Qianlong period Meanwhile, in the Ming- Qing dynasties, five ordinary examples of commerce in Huizhou demonstrate that the rate of return on investment ranged from 9 to 18% Purchasing land was one way to invest surplus capitals with the principle and interest safeguarded against price inflation .This was different from commercial investment that a mi ed at higher rates of return .The paper also examines two types of land investment in Huizhou prior to the Qianlong reign, land rent and rent on land that been conditionally sold ( dianmai ) .The annual ratios were 25 73% and 23 49% respectively, but this kind of investment was exceptional and very volatile. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Duke of Zhou, Confucius and Civilization: Zhang Xuecheng’s Interpretation of the Dao of Confucianism ZHANG Guang-Sheng 2006, 0(1): 37-46.  Abstract ( )   PDF (625KB) ( )   Zhang Xuecheng has been known in modern China for his famous maxim:“All the Six Classics are Historical.”However, to understand the complete meaning of this maxim , one must consider Zhang’s question on the status of the Duke of  Zhou and Confucius which asks:“Who was the greatest sage, the Duke of Zhou or Confucius?”Only by pondering this question can we grasp the essence of the famous maxim and completely understand Zhang’s thought.Zhang Xuecheng strived to get beyond the sectarian biases of the New Text School and the Ancient Text School of Confucianism in the Qing and by means of his creative historiography, to resurrect the Dao of Confucianism which permeated Heaven and Mankind and cultivated civilization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Luo Zenan and the Revival of Lixue School of Confucianism in the Late Qing Dynasty ZHANG Chen-Yi 2006, 0(1): 47-54.  Abstract ( )   PDF (407KB) ( )   Luo Zenan was an important and representative philosopher of the lixue school in the late Qing dynasty .H e not only produced a systematic elucidation of lixue, but also presented original views in various fields. From the orthodox standpoint of Cheng- Zhu s' lixue, he radically attacked Wang Yangming s' xinxue .H is arguments further enhanced the pre - eminent position of Cheng- Zhu s' lixue over Lu - Wang s' Xinxue .Unlike other traditional philosophers who limited themselves to moral issues, Luo Zenan was very concerned with statecraf,t and exerted a positive influence on the revival of Cheng- Zhu’s lixue in the la te Qing Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Suicide of Liang Ji and the Belief Crisis in the Early Republican China HAN Hua 2006, 0(1): 55-69.  Abstract ( )   PDF (629KB) ( )   The suicide of Liang Ji greatly influenced ideology during the early years of Republican China, and provided a vivid vantage point from which to view the culture of reconstruction that marked this period of social transformation Liang Ji sacrificed his life for the Qing dynasty in order to display the significance of Confucianism, as well as condemn shameless bureaucracy The death of Liang Ji coincided with social transformation and rapid ideological change .T he extreme tension between Liang Ji’s values and social reality reflected the relationship between the breakdown o f the traditional value system and the crisis of social belief.    Related Articles | Metrics

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Academies and Historical Education in the Qing Dynasty LI Liang-Yu 2006, 0(1): 70-78.  Abstract ( )   PDF (390KB) ( )   Academies reached the apex of their development in the Qing dynasty. All academies regarded historical education as an important component of their curriculum .Scholars attached more importance to historical education, expanded its content and an increasing number of students received historical instruction Studying the historical curriculum of Qing academies affords abundant and profitable experiences for contemporary education. Related Articles | Metrics

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Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing and Sino-Russian Books Exchange in the Qing Dynasty XIAO Yu-Qiu 2006, 0(1): 79-89.  Abstract ( )   PDF (484KB) ( )   Including exchange of books, the Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing was the most important intermediary between China and Russia before 1917 .This paper exams the Russian missionaries’role in collecting Chinese books for Russia and establishing the library in Beijing, and reveals the reality of the large-scale mutual exchange of books between the Chinese and Russian governments during the Daoguang period.   Related Articles | Metrics