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15 November 2006, Volume 0 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Advent of the Farming and the Changes in Local Society of the Ordos Area N·Ha-Si-Ba-Gen 2006, 0(4): 1-16.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1788KB) ( )   The  Ordos Area is located between the Great Wall  and the  Yellow River.Since the late 15th century,this  area,with its distinctive social and geography characteristics ,has  been the border between the Central Han Chinese territory and the Mongolian Plateau.During the midway point in the Kangxi reign,as the agricultural economy developed，there appeared multiple social change，especially embodied in the local culture，economical life and  social structures  in  this reign. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Evolution of the Idea on Vassal States and the Changes of Chinese Territory in the Qing Dynasty ZHANG Hong-Nian 2006, 0(4): 17-27.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1293KB) ( )   The idea on vassal states and its evolution created great influence on Chinese territory in the Qing Dynasty.Monarchs  of  the Qing had their own understanding on Chinese boundary during the unification.They politely refused the requesting of some vassal states such as Sulu to incorporate into the Qing,while when the disputing on boundary occurred，the Qing ceded some territory to its vassal states.After 1840,China defended strongly its its vassal states invaded by the imperial forces.Facing the imperial forces’ plan to carve up some Vassal States,the Qing court had different opinions .After the breakdown of the suzerain-vassal system,China strengthened its ties with the former vassal states. During the negotiation on the boundary，the patriotic officials strived to regain the territory ceded by the early Qing to it vassal states,but the Qing lost much territory in the end. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Brief Commentary on the Upsurge of the Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism During the Shunzhi Period of Qing dynasty SHI Ge-Xin 2006, 0(4): 28-35.  Abstract ( )   PDF (880KB) ( )   Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism was  not an ordinary academic school，rather it was a social and political theory as well as an ideology that combined political academic，ethical and humanistic functions.During the Shunzhi reign,due to the  ruler’support,there was a marked development of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism .Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism steadily strengthened and producing a revival ,that built the foundation for prosperous development in the Kangxi reign.One of the important factors of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism’s revival was the robust support of the Qing rulers;however,its academic influence and vigor were also noteworthy . Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of the Compromise between Han and Song Learning in the Late Qing ZHANG Zhao-Jun 2006, 0(4): 36-43.  Abstract ( )   PDF (887KB) ( )   The compromise between the Han Learning(the  Confucian Classic)and the Song Learning (the Neo-Confucian) was a noticeable academic phenomenon in Confucian development during the late Qing.This phenomenon was quite complicated and the degree of compromise between the two schools varied even among those who advocated convergence.Generally,one can distinguish three approaches：revering Song Learning while not abandoning Han Learning,revering Han Learning and accepting Song  Learning,and synthesizing both.This situation reflected late Qing changes in traditional learning,and  at  the same time the relativity and limitation of demarcating these academic factions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Fu and "School of Mind" (xinxue) of Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming LI Fan 2006, 0(4): 44-50.  Abstract ( )   PDF (599KB) ( )   Li Fu was the greatest defender of “School of Mind”(xinxue) of Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming in the mid-Qing Dynasty.Li respected and carried forward the philosophy in a variety of ways.On the one hand,he opposed the lack of originality in cliched academic study and canonized the learning of Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming.On the other hand,he tried hard to establish the academic legitimate of  Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming and disputed the orthodoxy of Cheng-Zhu Confucianism.In addition,he also expressed some original opinions regarding the “School of Mind”of Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming.Thus,he was praised as “the first important scholar of Lu-Wang School”in  the middle period of Qing Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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Capital Punishment and Confucian Justice: The Limits of Leniency under Traditional Chinese Law BU De-Mao 2006, 0(4): 51-58.  Abstract ( )   PDF (916KB) ( )   The modern reader of Qing homicide reports cannot help but be impressed with the diligence and the competence that magistrates displayed when investigating and  adjudicating capital crimes.Each homicide report challenged a magistrate to balance bureaucratic efficiency against humanistic values.This paper examines four case records of individuals  who committed homicides while rescuing their parents from violent attacks.An examination of  these crime reports reveals how county magistrates skillfully combined the presentation of explicit and implicit information designed to address the both legal requirements and moral values of Qing law.The paper argues that the Qing system for adjudicating capital crimes was well-designed to accommodate the seemingly contradictory demands of bureaucratic efficiency and  Confucian benevolence. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of False Accusations of the Canal Transport Servicemen in Jiangxi Province In Qing Dynasty Taking The Evidential Records of the False Accusation of Canal Transportation Case in 1706 as an Example GONG Ru-Fu 2006, 0(4): 59-64.  Abstract ( )   PDF (682KB) ( )   Historically ,southern China was rich in grain while the northern China was often deficient due to the climate.The Chinese government ordered transport servicemen to ship grain by boat at their own expense from the south to the north,a distance of 2500 kilometers.The Qing Dynasty(1644-1911) system of canal transportation servicemen evolved from the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644) military garrison system and it had worked for several centuries.It was expensive，dangerous and arduous work to transport grain and generation after generation of servicemen were obligated to perform this duty.Consequently ,servicemen absconded in order to avoid the burden .Sometimes servicemen lodged false accusations against civilians,claiming the civilians were also servicemen， in order to lessen their  burden .The government would usually support these accusations because of the importance of the canal transportation.This paper analyzes a lawsuit，which took place in Jishui Country,Jiangxi province during the Kangxi reign(1662-1722).The article explores the social,economic reasons for the lawsuit and also surveys the relationship between the government’s attitude toward the suit and the civilian’s response. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Methodology of Cultural Contact: The Case of China and Europe in the 17th Century ZHONG Ming-Dan, LIU Xian 2006, 0(4): 65-86.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2428KB) ( )   This article takes theories of communication and philosophy of alterity  as starting points to study the methodology of the history of contact between cultures.It first discusses three different frameworks that have been  employed in the study of the cultural contacts between China and Europe in  the late Ming and early Qing :the transmission framework;the reception framework and the invention framework.Next the article proposes a fourth framework,the interaction and communication framework,which develops the previous frameworks by stressing the reciprocity in the interaction between transmitter  and receiver.The author is of the opinion that the major research focus should be the result of the interaction between both：the new cultural product(a text,an image,or social network).    Related Articles | Metrics

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Language and History: The Changing Concept of "Corvee Labor" (rending) in the Qing Dynasty CHEN Hua 2006, 0(4): 87-93.  Abstract ( )   PDF (737KB) ( )   “Corvee labor(rending)”was often used during the history of Chinese feudal society.It belonged to institutional vocabulary,and was a technical term of the government’s fiscal levy。It was prevalent not only in social management，but also in social life.However,in later feudal society,which the development of the society economy and changes in the tax system，the content of the “corvee labor (rending)”changed essentially，and disappeared gradually from popular vernacular. Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies on the Relation of Socio-economic Environment and the Daily Life of Commoners:The Regional Structure of the Helong Festival (1616-1949) LI Zhi-Jun 2006, 0(4): 94-103.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1033KB) ( )   What is the relationship between the daily life of traditional Chinese commoners and the socio-economic environment？Due to the lack of effective methods to research this topic we have yet to make significant advances on this topic.Examining the geographical structure of the Hekong festival,from 1616 to 1949,this article fully explores this relationship.The commoner’s daily life,tradition folk festivals,and the seasonality of farming and hunting,were closely related with the socio-economic environment.Regional differences in socio-economic environment were reflected in the differences of the commoners’daily life.This was quite different than the relationship between the dissemination of religion and the celebration of religious festivals,and the commoners’ daily life. Related Articles | Metrics