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15 November 2000, Volume 0 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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China’s Entry into the Twentieth Century: Chinese Politics after the Boxer Movement LI Wen-Hai, ZHAO Xiao-Hua 2000, 0(4): 1-7.  Abstract ( )   PDF (634KB) ( )   The rise and fall of the Boxer Movement spanned the juncture of two centuries. In blood and fire, China bid farewell to the nineteenth century and entered the twentieth century. This article analyses Chinese politics after the suppression of the Boxers, including the formation and spread of revolutionary thought; the transformation of the foreign powers' policy toward China from "carving the melon" to "preserving China's territorial integrity;" and constitutionalism and the late Qing reforms. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Attempted Establishment of a Crown Prince in 1899 and the Boxer Movement ZHOU Yu-Min 2000, 0(4): 8-17.  Abstract ( )   PDF (966KB) ( )   After the failure of the Reform of 1898, Gang Yi and Zai Yi formed a clique within the highest ruling circles of the Qing dynasty and conspired to “establish a Crown Prince and abolish the Emperor Guangxu”. After the plot failed, the clique adopted a policy of patronizing the Boxers. Their support facilitated the Boxers' occupation of Beijing that led to foreign invasion and the suppression of the movement. Finally, under pressure from the foreign powers the Qing government was forced to “punish the culprits”and the clique was destroyed. The article concludes that this disaster was a product of the exceptional political interests of the ruling class. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Governors and Governors-General in Zhili and Shandong and the Rise of the Boxer Movement YU Da-Hua 2000, 0(4): 18-24.  Abstract ( )   PDF (663KB) ( )   The article examines the role of the provincial governors and governor-general in the unfolding of the Boxer Movement. The author maintains that weakness of the central government and the strength of the provincial governments in the late Qing shaped the development and proliferation to the Boxer Movement. Furthermore, the attitudes and policies of the governors and governors-general in Zhili and Shandong also affected the central government decisions on handling the Boxers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Several Questions Regarding the War with the Eight-Nation Allied Army LIN Hua-Guo 2000, 0(4): 25-33.  Abstract ( )   PDF (693KB) ( )   This article seeks to answer three questions regarding the Eight-Nation Allied Army's intervention against the Boxer Movement. First, was the intervention of the Eight-Nation Allied Army a war between the foreign powers and China, or the foreign powers and the Qing government against the Boxers? Second, who should take responsibility for instigating the war? Third, should the clique in the Qing court that advocated peace be praised? Related Articles | Metrics

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New Materials about the Boxer Movement from the German National Archives KONG Xiang-Ji 2000, 0(4): 34-40.  Abstract ( )   PDF (634KB) ( )   The author introduces important new historical artifacts and documents related to the Boxer Movement that he has discovered in the German National Archives. These materials include a report of the activities of Shandong Boxers in Beijing, and a list of government officials that the foreign powers forced the Qing government to punish. These valuable archival sources combined with existing sources in China will greatly enhance future research of the Boxer Movement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Laws and Regulations Pertaining to Peasant Rent Resistance during the Qing Dynasty GAO Wang-Ling 2000, 0(4): 41-49.  Abstract ( )   PDF (836KB) ( )   Historical research on rent resistance must include studies of government policy and legal regulation. Much of the previous research on rent resistance however, has focused on the status of tenants as defined in the tenancy law of the fifth year of the Yongzheng reign, while ignoring concrete evidence from the actual struggles of tenants. Based on extant legal cases of peasant rent resistance, this article finds that, contrary to the received wisdom, the government usually did not permit increases in rent. When they could not collect rents fully landlords sued to reclaim tenancy rights but this was often very difficult to accomplish. In lawsuits over rent, landlords had no special advantages and were treated the same as any other type of creditor. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Institutionalization of the Return of Meltage Fees to the Public Coffers DONG Jian-Zhong 2000, 0(4): 50-58.  Abstract ( )   PDF (855KB) ( )   The return of meltage fees to the public coffers was a very important fiscal reform carried out during the Yongzheng reign. However, when the reform was originally implemented, it was not a formal system. This article explores the stages of the reform and points out that in the thirteenth year of the Qianlong Reign the reform was fully institutionalized. This institutionalization marked the successful completion of the central government's gradual exertion of control over local finances. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Changes of the Relief in the Late Qing Dynasty YANG Jian-Li 2000, 0(4): 59-64.  Abstract ( )   PDF (534KB) ( )   In China, the governmental relief was the main kind for a long time when famine or disaster happened. However, in late Qing, with the social structure dramatic derangement, the merchants of new style organized people to self-relieve and this relief prevailed gradually, while the function of governmental relieves declined and existed in name only. The article illustrates this through the relief of the famine during the fourth and fifth years of Guangxu reign. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Paradigms of American Sinology and the State of Historical Studies in China YANG Nian-Qun 2000, 0(4): 65-76.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1150KB) ( )   This article analyzes the relationship between the "world view" of American Sinology and historical studies in China; the trend of "abstraction" in American Sinology; and the post-modern re-examination of Chinese history. The author argues that history should not only explain and draw lessons from modernization but it should also critically exam the problems that arise during the process of modernization. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Role of Saint Paul College in the Sino-Western Cultural Exchange and its Influence on Chinese Modern Education LI Xiang-Yu 2000, 0(4): 77-82.  Abstract ( )   PDF (552KB) ( )   Saint Paul College, which was founded in Macao in 1594 and closed in 1762, was both an institute of higher education as well as a bridge of Sino-Western cultural exchange. It was also the "gate" through which the Jesuits entered China. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Characteristics of Study of The Book of Changes of Wang Fuzhi in View of the Learning of the Early Qing Dynasty WANG Xue-Qun 2000, 0(4): 83-89.  Abstract ( )   PDF (599KB) ( )   The learning of the early Qing re-thought and criticized the Neo-Confucianism, it was erudite and grand and emphasized to apply theory to reality and insisted to go back to classics. The above influenced the study of the Book of Changes of Wang Fuzhi and was also embodied through the latter. Related Articles | Metrics