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15 August 2001, Volume 0 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Industrial Growth and Urban Development in the City of Suzhou(1550- 1850) LI Bo-Zhong 2001, 0(3): 9-22.  Abstract ( )   PDF (797KB) ( )   The city of Suzhou expanded rapidly from 1550 Lo 1850, in terms of both urban area and population. The most important manifestation of this growth was the extension of the urban area beyond the city walls of the prefectural capital to include the suburban towns. As a result, Suzhou developed into a “super city” with the prefectural seal as its core and suburban towns as its satellites. This dynamic growth was attributable to urban industrial development. The spread of industry was not simply the movement of industry from the walled area of the city to the suburbs; rather it represented a rational distribution of industry based comparative advantages of regional specialization and division of labor. After three centuries of development, urban industry had become the leading sector of the Suzhou economy by the mid-Qing. Suzhou’s develolpment represented a new path in pre-modern Chinese urbanization, what Professor Fu Yiling has termed the “Su (zhou)-Hang(zhou)”path. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Legal Problems of the Salt Administration of Qing Dynasty ZHANG Shi-Ming 2001, 0(3): 23-34.  Abstract ( )   PDF (454KB) ( )   This article analyzes the salt administration, official activities, Salt business, public monopoly and public sale from the angle of history and law, and discuss the structural element of Qing salt affair in law. T he article argues on the theories about the character of Piao Yan, such as inherited organization of salt merchants as the predecessor of joint-stock company. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Social Lives of Mongolian Bannermen in the Qing Dynasty as Represented in Shang Xian’s Vermilion Exam Paper ZHANG Jie 2001, 0(3): 35-39.  Abstract ( )   PDF (396KB) ( )   Based on newly published materials, especially the Vermilion Exam-Paper of Shang Xian, a Mongolian Bannerman, this article discusses the social life of Shang Xian’s family over more than three hundred years. The article examines the numerous marriage alliances with Han Chinese, the transformation from nomadism to agriculture, and the accumulation of wealth for the education of descendants. These new resources allow the author to draw new conclusions on the social institutions of Mongolian Bannermen in the Northeast and the transformation of their way of life during the Qing Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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Affirmative Disavowal: A Look at the Circumstances of Women in the Qing Dynasty through the Phenomenon of Female Suicides Recorded in the Draft of Qing Dynasty, Biographies of Chaste Female ZHANG Tao 2001, 0(3): 40-49.  Abstract ( )   PDF (443KB) ( )   There are five hundred and ninety-nine biographies of women who were considered heroines, martyrs, chaste women and chaste widows in the Draft of Qing Dynasty, Biographies of Chaste Females. The two hundred and ninety-four of these women ended their own lives are the subject of this article. The author analyzes the true reasons for their suicides are discussed, and from these extreme cases, attempts to understand the circumstances of women’s lives in the period. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the “Service for Atonement” in Xinjiang by Dismissed Officials in the Qing Dynasty QI Qing-Shun 2001, 0(3): 50-57.  Abstract ( )   PDF (358KB) ( )   Xinjiang was one important area where the Qing dynasty exiled dismissed officials. During their periods of “service for atonement,” dismissed officials made many significant contributions to the construction of frontier defence and the development of production. Despite their accomplishments historians have overlooked these individuals due to their “special” status and positions. This article seeks to contribute to the history of the Qing and of Xinjiang and also to compensate for the lack of research on the activities of extraordinary individuals. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Historic Evolution of the Reform Clique’s Theory of Modern Civil Rights HUANG Han-Qing 2001, 0(3): 58-66.  Abstract ( )   PDF (556KB) ( )   There were theoretical differences between the “Civil Rights Theory” of the Reform Clique and the Western “Natural Rights.” The Reform Clique did not elevate the “citizen” to the same height as the “individual” nor did they appeal to property rights. However, the reform clique made great efforts to transform the “masses” and in the late nineteenth century, they generated the mass education campaigns for the improvement of the citizenry. After the Reform Movement of 1898,“civil rights theory”evolved new characteristics. The concept of the citizen changed qualitatively and civil rights developed beyond the “right of discussing official business.” The clique accepted the Western ideal of democracy and promoted the principle that citizens must realize the meaning of emancipation themselves. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research in Liu Kai GONG Shu-Duo 2001, 0(3): 67-71.  Abstract ( )   PDF (401KB) ( )   The career of Liu Kai, a student of the Tongcheng School is the subject of this essay. The article introduces his family background, social relationships, personal character, and special talents. It also discusses his unique views on scholarship, in particular Neo-Confucian though as well as his achievements in prose and poetry. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Impact of Modern Science on Late Qing Intellectuals from1886 to1894: A Case Study on the Natural Science Section of the Essay Contests of Shanghai Polytechnic Institute. SHANG Zhi-Cong 2001, 0(3): 72-82.  Abstract ( )   PDF (658KB) ( )   The essay contests of Shanghai Polytechnic Institute were models for late Qing intellectuals from 1886 to 1894. The natural sciences section of the essay contests revealed the impact of modern science on the late Qing intellectuals. This article analyzes the participants in the contest, the contents of the questions, and the discussion of “the similarities and differences between Chinese traditional science and modern science”. The author concludes: 1) modern science influenced a variety of late Qing intellectuals; 2) these intellectuals had some basic knowledge of modern science; 3) they had gradually learned the norms of modern science(its subject, research methods, and style of expression). Based on these conclusions, the author argues that their scholarly focus had shifted from traditional Chinese science to modern science. Related Articles | Metrics