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主管:教育部
主办:中国人民大学
ISSN 1002-8587  CN 11-2765/K
国家社科基金资助期刊

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    15 February 2011, Volume 0 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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    The Manchus' National Identity in Qing Dynasty
    HUANG Xingtao
    2011, 0(1): 1-12. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (431KB) ( )  
    Some scholars of the “New Qing History”approaches tend to emphasize grossly on the fundamental differencebetween China and “the Great Qing ”. Such a notion could derive from a partial understanding of“the national identity”of the Manchus in the Qing dynasty. This article identifies two coexisted identities found in the Qing by examining the evolution of the Manchus' self identity: the ethnic identity as an expression of the Manchu's characteristic and greater China as the national identity. These two identities were on different levels. Strictly speaking ,the scholarly using of“the Manchu Empire”as the designation of“the Great Qing”is not congruous with the Manchu's history since the Shunzhi reign,and especially not so since the mid of the Kangxi reign. As a matter of fact,The Qing dynasty successfully brought the non-Han Chinese of a vast territory with a Chinese identity openlyaccepted in the manner of being part of China's orthodoxy history. This sense of national identity was consolidated in aseries of international confrontations and modernized at the end of the Qing dynasty.
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    Temple Sacrifices of Emperors of Former Dynasties and Self-identity of the National Political Culture of the Qing Dynasty
    HUANG Aiping
    2011, 0(1): 12-20. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (152KB) ( )  
    The Qing rulers inherited a Ming tradition of sacrificing the former“sage rulers”after they entered into Beijing in 1644. The temple of former emperors of the successive dynasties had been constructed,and the list of“sage rulers” and their“famous ministers”to be offered sacrifices was regulated to serve the political need of the Qing dynasty. By many rounds of increasing and reconfiguring the former rulers and ministers ,Qing rulers eventually built up a genealogy of sagely rulership that included many rulers of former dynasties established by minority ethnic groups in China's history. This final structure of temple sacrifices of former emperors had its multi-facets meanings. The selection of“famous ministers”had set up moral models for the bureaucrats ,and the“sage rulers”,examples and critical sources for the later emperors. By enhancing its legitimacy through this tradition,Qing rulers fundamentally supported the political culture with a clear identity of Confucius orthodoxy and Chinese civilization.
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    Homeland and Borderland: The Manchus and the Northeast
    SHAO Dan
    2011, 0(1): 21-38. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (912KB) ( )  
    This article examines a core problem in the general field of borderland studies from the perspective of the Manzu /Manchu history: how do the changes in territoriality and identity interact with each other in borderland history. Thehistory and culture of the Manzu /Manchus has occupied a prominent status in the field of the Qing history during the past several decades. However,the Manzu /Manchus have often been overlooked in other fields,in particular in the fields of 20th-century China and the East Asian borderlands,in North American academia. This article,based on excerpts from my book entitled Remote Homeland,Recovered Borderland (University of Hawaii Press,2011),analyzes the historical process by which the Manchus redefined their notion of homeland and reconfigured their ethnic and national identities in the late Qing.
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    Exploring the Banner People Register Policy from the Law of Qing Dynasty
    LAI Huimin
    2011, 0(1): 39-52. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (481KB) ( )  
    This paper discusses an important issue on the Manchu-Han relationships in the Qing dynasty,namely the differences in the law of Qing dynasty regarding its treatments to different ethnic groups. The distinction between the Manchus and Han people could be barely seen if we only pay attention to the Qing rulers' sinolization sayings that“the Manchus and Han people are one family”and“no distinction between the Manchus and Han people”. But from the household register policy,we may see clearly that the Qing dynasty ruled the Banner people and Han people in different ways.
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    The Relationship between the Banners and Minren in Qing Dynasty:A Discussion Centered on Shops
    LIU Xiaomeng
    2011, 0(1): 53-68. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (543KB) ( )  
    This essay examines the relationship between the Banners and Minren(non - Banner people),focusing on the study of inner - city shops of Beijing in the Qing dynasty. In the early Qing,dualistic residential system were implemented,Minren were forced to move out of the inner - city,but the Qing government could not stop Minren from re - entering into the city. The development of the inner - city shows the government had accepted the settlement of Minren in the inner city since the Jiaqing and Daoguang period. The inventory of residents ,the shop guarantor system and the governmental household survey could be taken as three signals of the breaking down of the separation system.The commercial covenants also reveal that changing ethnic background of shopkeepers and merchant groups in the inner- city. In conclusion,the essay indicates that the main character of the merchant groups in Beijing city in the Qing dynasty was that they consist of both Banners People and Minren. Commercial connection between Banners Merchants and its Minren counterparts helped to put an end to the dualistic residential system.
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    Between Bannermen and Minren,Manchu and Han:an Initial Probe on“suiqiren”of the Qing Dynasty
    DING Yizhuang, QIU Yuanyuan
    2011, 0(1): 69-77. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (329KB) ( )  
    As the Manchu's unique specimen of “Serfdom economy”,State Estate system has drawn wide attention from historians. However,due to the relatively narrow concentration of focus,many important issues on this field have been neglected. People living in this system,that is,managers,labors,their families and descendants,is the very important contents worth exploring. This is a relatively unique group,they differ from both the bannermen and Minren(non-bannermen). Today,their descendants still use“suiqiren” (banner-following people) to describe themselves,vividly illustrating the marginal status of these people. This paper,taking Jifu area as an example,investigates on the topic of suiqiren,hoping thereby to discuss some social issues in State Estate system and the relation between Manchu and Han during the Qing dynasty.
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    On Civil-Military Tensions during the Kangxi Emperor's First Southern Tour
    Michael G. Chang, LIU Wenpeng, WANG Jue
    2011, 0(1): 78-89. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (429KB) ( )  
    Starting with a court debate which broke out in the spring of 1684, this essay explores the multivalent symbolism of the Kangxi emperor's first imperial tour( s) to Shandong and Jiangsu provinces in the fall of 1684. Some courtiers advocated treating the Kangxi emperor's touring activities as a rite of conquest,while others saw them as an exercise in benevolent civil governance. Here I suggest that this ritual controversy revealed a tension between civil and military values within the political culture of the Qing court. Furthermore,this ideological tension became increasingly apparent as the imperial procession proceeded farther southward during the Kangxi emperor's “eastern ” and “southern ” tours of 1684, especially as recorded in the Chinese editions of the Imperial Diaries. Thus,the legitimization and consolidation of Qing rule was never entirely smooth or complete,but was always in the active process of being constituted through ritual negotiations.
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    Anti-Manchu Issue in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
    JIANG Tao
    2011, 0(1): 90-96. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (284KB) ( )  
    This article examines the strong anti-Manchu setiment in the Heavenly Kindom from the following three aspects:(1) the anti-Manchu document of Taiping revolutionaries,(2) the Nanjin massacre of Banner people after the Taipingarmy conquered Nanjin and(3 ) the change of Manchu extermination policy in the late period of Taiping Heavely Kindom.
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    The Early Qing Immigrants in Sichuan and the Emerging and Spreading of Guolu
    WU Shanzhong
    2011, 0(1): 97-103. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (285KB) ( )  
    In the early Qing dynasty,the government encouraged people to open up wasteland in Sichuan and made people migrate there on a large scale. However,in the new migrating area,social integration didn't keep abreast with the increasing speed of population. The social and governmental control wasn't built up in time and the“hoodlums”and “rascals”among the immigrants ganged up with the loca“ruffian”to create a loosely organized society named Guolu,in which people with different family names became sworn brothers. Guolu was originally a word used by the Sichuan local inhabitants to name the cunning and fierce people,gamblers,thieves and bandits among the immigrants. The emerging and spreading of Guolu is related to the geographical and social conditions under which the Qing government encouraged people to migrate to Sichuan without proper limits.
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    Lead Output and Sales Volume in Guizhou Province during Qing Dynasty:A Re-examination of Previous
    MA Qi
    2011, 0(1): 104-116. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (523KB) ( )  
    Output Estimate Methods As part of the coinage bronze manufacture of the Qing dynasty,lead mining in Guizhou Province played important roles in the Qing mining industry and on the economic and social development of this frontier area. However,estimates of lead output and sales volumes of this area remain largely obscure for historians,leaving the evaluation of its compact on local society groundless. Based on detailed textual study of the mining factories memoirs of annual sales volumes found in Qing archives,this paper provides a new estimate of the lead output and sales volume in this area and alsoexamines the previous calculatingb methods of mine output volume of the Qing dynasty.
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    The Connection between Monthly Archives of the Eight Banners and the Veritable Records of the Early Qing Dynasty
    KATO Naoto, ZHANG Yongjiang, CAO Maoxiang
    2011, 0(1): 117-123. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (292KB) ( )  
    This paper discusses the essence and formation of the Monthly Archives of the Eight Banners and the connection between the Monthly Archives and the Veritable Records of early emperors / Khans in the Qing dynasty. Evidences show that the compilations of Monthly Archives by two Banners of the same major colors were officially formed at least in the beginning of Hong Taiji's reign. As a sample archive of 1631 reveals,Monthly Archives recorded various events of the later Jin dynasty by focusing on the speeches and actions of Grand Khans on daily basis. These archives were officially preserved in the Literate Institute,and were compiled together in different subjects by Manchu literati officials. Together with inter-state documents,these archives became original sources of the later Veritable Records and other official history compilations. Although the Monthly Archives had long been considered missing,these archives could be closely related to the three early Veritable Records compiled in 1636 and Shunzhi reign.
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    The Sacrificial Shrine of the Imperial Clan and Rituals Performed by Hong Taiji in the Imperial Ancestral Temple: Co-existing Situation of Manchu and Chinese Rituals
    KUSUNOKI Yoshimichi
    2011, 0(1): 124-129. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (260KB) ( )  
    This paper examines the political situation of Hong Taiji's Reign and his concept of religion by describing how Hong Taiji treated his ancestral spirits in the Imperial Ancestral Temple and how he made offerings to them. Hong Taiji introduced into later Jin Dynasty Chinese rituals and made them co-existing with Manchu traditional rituals. In the Heaven and ancestral offerings ,neither did he exclude the Manchu rituals,nor infused Chinese and Manchu rituals into one. Hong Taiji needed the traditional rituals to maintain Manchu ethnic identity,and the Chinese rituals to be approved as a new dynasty in greater China. Although Hong Taiji was a great advocate of the Chinese rituals ,he took a rather realistic and utilitarian attitude toward introducing Chinese rituals into the Manchu regime.
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    Gu Yanwu and Classic Studies of the Spring and Autumn in the Early Qing
    LUO Junfeng
    2011, 0(1): 130-137. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (330KB) ( )  
    The Classic Studies of the Spring and Autumn in the early Qing period witnessed a clear break from the abstract and speculating style of classic studies featuring the Song,Yuan and Ming dynasties. Gu Yanwu advocated a new style of classic study with through collection of previous exegeses. Zuozhuan
    ,or Exegeses of Spring and Autumn by Zuo,had been put into a priority in the studies of Spring and Autumn because it was the oldest and the most concise narrations about the book. Gu's emphasis on Du Yu's Note on Zuozhuan greatly influenced the School of Han Learning in the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods. And his questioning on whether Zuozhuan precisely conveys Confucius's meanings echoed a rather common mistrust of Zuozhuan's many understandings of Spring and Autumn in a long scholarly history.
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    On Manwen Laodang(Old Manchu Archives)
    WU Yuanfeng
    2011, 0(1): 138-145. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (325KB) ( )  
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    Compilation of “Annals of Taizu ”in the Draft History of The Qing Dynasty and Reasons for its Mistakes
    ZHAO Chenling
    2011, 0(1): 146-152. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (301KB) ( )  
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    Conference Summary:‘Qing Society in its Period and the Yangzhou City’
    CHANG Jianhua
    2011, 0(1): 153-156. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (189KB) ( )  
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