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15 May 2011, Volume 0 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Rebuttal of Zhang Yan's“Verification”of Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Ancient Text of the Shangshu FANG Delin 2011, 0(2): 1-21.  Abstract ( )   PDF (719KB) ( )   Based on the Yan Ruoju's Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Ancient Text of the Shangshu and other scholars' identification of a counterfeit Book of History，this paper draws on the related bamboo slips of the Chu Kingdom in the Warring States and further explains the historical inconsistencies in the“Grand Preface”of the Book of History such as the claim that there were 25 chapters in the Old Text of the Book of History and that Kong Anguo contributed to the book． The chapters of Jincheng， Juli，and Nanshan mentioned in Kong Anguo's“remark”were written by others after Kong Anguo，and the chapters such as Junchen，Junyan，Dayumo were bogus． This paper rebuts the“Critique”of the Commentary by Yan Ruoju and the defense of the Mei Zhe's contribution of Old Text of the Book of History in the book “Judgment in the Case of Old Text of the Book of History”by Zhang Yan． Related Articles | Metrics

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On Wang Tao's Christian Belief DUAN Huaiqing 2011, 0(2): 22-30.  Abstract ( )   PDF (335KB) ( )   The pivotal period in Wang Tao's relationship with protestant missionaries，the church，and Christianity occurred in the 1850s，especially during the period of 1854-1857． The turning point in his relationship to Christianity was the death of Walter Henry Medhurst． During the period of Wang Tao's involvement he not only succeeded his father as a translator who assisted Medhurst and others in finishing the translation of the Bible，but he also revised，and almost rewrote and translated，Medhurst's Zongzhu Shipian，and he actively took part in mission work． During this time，Wang Tao also asked to be baptized and submitted a baptismal application． The application revealed that his connection with Christianity had reached the highest point． Aside from social and cultural factors at that time，Wang Tao's standpoint of supporting the “self-strengthening”of Chinese culture，his worldly and rational knowledge，his awareness of comparative religion，his deep-rooted feelings and living habits of literati placed him in the interstices between Christian belief and non-Christian thought． He eventually completed his intellectual life in pursuit of his belief，with doubt and self-imposed exile as a intellectual in late Qing China． Related Articles | Metrics

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Formation of the Yangzhou School FENG Feng 2011, 0(2): 31-40.  Abstract ( )   PDF (373KB) ( )   The rise of the ancient textual criticism in Jiangbei，was initiated by Wang Niansun，who combined with Wang Zhong and later Li Dun，Jia Tianzu，Liu Taigong，Zhu Bin and other scholars to form an academic community． These scholars criticized the Confucian learning of the Song dynasty to promote a culture of textual criticism． The Yangzhou scholars constructed the genealogy of the textual scholars in order to unite likeminded fellows． In addition，throughintermarriage and service as secretaries in yamens they developed a mutual identity for Yangzhou scholars and created the conditions for the formation of a school． Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of the Native Places，Examination Backgrounds and Other Relevant Issues of Presented Civil Officials during the Qianlong Reign and a Comparison with the Yongzheng Reign WANG Zhiming 2011, 0(2): 41-49.  Abstract ( )   PDF (369KB) ( )   Through an analyses of factors such as their geographical distributions，ranking stratifications，imperial civil service examination backgrounds，this article finds that the geographic origins of officials who had audiences with the emperor became more and more imbalanced from higher to lower Administrative Region． The Jiangnan and the capital regions were the two most significant core areas for personnel recruitment． Manchu bannermen and officials from Hangzhou prefecture also enjoyed higher status during the Qianlong reign than during the Yongzheng reign，which the official clerks who were in charge of Manchu-Chinese paperwork received higher priority during the Qianlong reign．The article also argues that while the ratio of successful examinees with imperial audience was higher during theQianlong reign than during the Yongzheng reign，the middle and upper officials successful from the lowest rank such as gongsheng had a higher ratio of success than jinshi and juren． All the analyses demonstrate that the bannermen andthose from the capital areas received priorities for recruitment． Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study of the Plans for Reforming Local Governments in 1907 PAN Ming 2011, 0(2): 50-59.  Abstract ( )   PDF (375KB) ( )   In September 1906，the Qing government issued an edict that promised to prepare a constitution beginning withthe reform of the administrative structure． Two months later，a plan for reform in the central bureaucratic system was issued． But reforming the local bureaucratic system was slow and difficult to implement． During the preparation for the reform of local governments， different political forces from the Qing government heatedly debated the pace and scope ofthe reform． The different opinions not only reflected efforts to safeguard their interests，but also involved doubts about the feasibility of the reform plan． It was not until the following July，when the“Regulations Regarding Reform of the Official System of the Provinces，”which was based on the compromise among different factions，was declared．However，the drafters evaded some crucial questions and it seemed to contemporaries that the rule was just an interim measure． Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Administrative Organizations Inferior to a County andTheir Functions in Yongzheng-Reign in the Qing Dynasty FU Linxiang 2011, 0(2): 60-67.  Abstract ( )   PDF (310KB) ( )   The number of assistant magistrates in the villages and towns has increased greatly since Yongzheng-reign． This article first tries to define the administrative organization inferior to that of a county and then makes an analysis on the assistant magistrates in the villages and towns． It shows that some Tongzhi (subprefect of subprefecture)，Tongpan and other officials are within this system and thus proves the types of officials of the administrative organization inferior to that of a county varying． Their functions can be divided into three types． The first is only responsible for safety of a village． The second is authorized to deal with small lawsuits． The third can even collect principal tax，a similarfunction to a county magistrate． The large increase of administrative organization inferior to a county enforces the control of local government over the grassroots’society． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Dissolution of Counties in the Qing Dynasty: The Example of Four Counties in Shanxi HU Heng 2011, 0(2): 68-79.  Abstract ( )   PDF (430KB) ( )   This article carefully combs through the administrative process of the dissolution of four counties，Qingyuan，Pingshun，Mayi，and Leping in the Qing dynasty． The evidence suggests that a variety of objective geographic factors and subjective policy decision must be understood and considered． The different attitudes of rural residents and villagers can be attributed to their respective individual interest rather than cultural and regional factors． The specific policies in the four dissolved counties enhanced the regional differences，and led to the restoration of the four counties in early Republican period． It is necessary for the historical research of the evolution of jurisdictions to go beyond the official accounts and to return to the administrative operation and search for the voice of the grassroots inhabitants． Related Articles | Metrics

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Short-term Trade between the Qalq-a Mongols and Ming during the Earlier Part of the 17th Century Dalizhabu 2011, 0(2): 80-89.  Abstract ( )   PDF (364KB) ( )   After Ligdan Qaγan of caqar died in 1634，the Qing controlled the Mongols of the Southern Gobi Desert，butdespite Qing efforts to obstruct them，the Qalq-a of the Northern Gobi Desert renewed trade with Ming for a time． TheMing purchased horses from the Qalq-a for their military，and the Ming court even wanted to use the Qalq-a to thwart the western advance of Qing troops． The Qing court employed military threats and economic enticements to stop Qalq- a trade with the Ming and shift the trade to the Qing． Furthermore，in the name of the Tümed and Qarˇc in tribes，the Qing court controlled the markets between the Mongols and the Ming，not only fulfilling its own economic needs，butalso controlling the Qalq-a． Under military threat from the Qing， the Ming court tacitly allowed the Qing to tradeindirectly to avoid an attack on its northern b Related Articles | Metrics

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Flooding of the Yellow River in Henan and Anhui in 1841 and the Social Response CHEN Yexin 2011, 0(2): 90-101.  Abstract ( )   PDF (438KB) ( )   In 1841，the Yellow River flooded for eight months，and Henan and Anhui provinces suffered terribly． Facing this disaster，all segments of society responded． The Daoguang Emperor paid great attention to the situation of flooding anddisaster． The emperor ordered the Governor － general of the River Conservancy and Henan Governor to seal the breach and relieve the victims by offering grain and goods，providing them with employment (instead of outright grants)，andgranting tax exemptions． Notwithstanding the emperor's orders，the restrictions of despotic rule and divisions in public administration，led to slow and inefficient official efforts that lacked initiative and vigor． Meanwhile，the court and officials were more concerned with the potential political threat from the flood victims than the flooding itself． Thus，the measures basically focused on maintaining social stability and despotic rule． Hindered by the long － term disaster，andthe lagging regional social and economic development，gentry in the flooded area lacked the capability to participate in social affairs and did not play a noticeable part in dealing with disaster． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Reduction of Subsidies on Sea Transportation of Tribute Grain in 1865 YAN Aihong 2011, 0(2): 102-109.  Abstract ( )   PDF (314KB) ( )   The reduction of the regular tribute grains from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in the early Tongzhi reign was widely recorded in official documents and local gazetteers． The ensuing reduction of the subsides for sea transportation and transformation of the canal assisting fee ，which was crucial to the reform of the deep-rooted corruption of the tribute grain transportation，had far-reaching influence，however，it can not be found in the Veritable Records nor do modern scholars mention it in their research on the funding of sea transportation． This paper revisits this important issue in the tribute grain transportation of the Qing，reexamines its origins and developments，and explores the subjective and objective causes for the ultimate abolishment of the allowance． Related Articles | Metrics

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City and Towns' Economic Level and the Common People's Livelihood in the Mid-Qing Yangzhou WANG Yuesheng 2011, 0(2): 110-117.  Abstract ( )   PDF (295KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Qing Government Relief to Xinjiang Seen from Documents of the Qing Aliya Ainiwar 2011, 0(2): 118-126.  Abstract ( )   PDF (344KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Original and Evolution of the Yellow Riding-Jacket DING Chao 2011, 0(2): 127-133.  Abstract ( )   PDF (288KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Puzzle of Emperor Yongzheng's Ascending the Throne Revisted JIN Hengyuan 2011, 0(2): 134-137.  Abstract ( )   PDF (187KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Authentic Author of the book Gongche Shangshu Ji ZHANG Hairong 2011, 0(2): 138-144.  Abstract ( )   PDF (293KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Review of the International Symposium on Politics and National Identity in the Qing Dynasty LIU Fengyun 2011, 0(2): 145-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (407KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics