Archive

15 August 2019, Volume 0 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue
---
Article


For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Article

Select

Confucianism|Three-teaching-hall|Theocracy|Sectarianism CAO Xin-Yu 2019, 0(3): 1-21.  Abstract ( )   PDF (17614KB) ( )   With the approval of Emperor Qianlong, the 1744 proposal by Lin Zhicun, Provincial Education Commissioner of Henan, banning the three-teaching-hall became a nationwide theocratic cleansing movement. While the extensive archives of this case have provided scholars with evidence from the perspective of the central government, the local sources for this case, including stele inscriptions, sectarian scriptures and oral histories, unearthed via f ield studies in recent years, have made available an equally important popular narrative. The hidden interaction between the early Qing central government and the local society, demonstrated through detailed studies of both imperial archives and local sources, will shed new light on the comprehensive relationships between intellectual history and sectarianism in the early Qing theocracy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Law and Punishment: Huili and Judicial Trials in Penal Cases in Huijiang during the Qianlong Reign JIA Jian-Fei 2019, 0(3): 22-31.  Abstract ( )   PDF (8846KB) ( )   The success of the Qing rule was largely reflected in its solution to frontier issues. Frontier issues has been extensively discussed by current academic, especially by the so-called New Qing Historians, but the New Qing History focuses mainly on Manchuria, Mongolia, and Tibet, as well as the relations between the Manchu rulers and the above-mentioned peoples, while paying less attention to Hui Territories and its inhabitants, Huiren (today’s Uyghurs). Based on criminal cases--mainly murders--involving Huiren recorded in Manchu and Chinese materials, this paper discusses the application of local law and Hui regulations, in judicial trials, and the Qing effort to adjust and narrow the scope of its application. The effort to narrow the role of Hui regulations in such cases eventually led to the Qing code replacing Hui regulations. The author further argues that the Muslim rebellions and the increasingly widening cultural gap between Muslims and the ruling class, as well as non-Muslims, resulted in the transition of the Qing ruling ideology and policies in Huijiang. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on Administrative Sanction Regulations for Civil Officials in the Qing Dynasty CHANG Guo-Dong 2019, 0(3): 32-46.  Abstract ( )   PDF (11736KB) ( )   Administrative sanction regulations for civil officials in the Qing Dynasty constituted the “law of officials,” the legal foundation for the management of government officials. The content and publication of administrative sanctions underwent many changes in historical practice. In order to simplify the regulations, and to clarify their relationship to cases, the Qing Dynasty adjusted and edited regulations multiple times. Initially, various departments composed their regulations, later the Codification Bureau compiled the statutes, and finally Ministry of Personnel assumed the responsibility. The publication system was revised and the regulations were reissued on a regular basis, later, the revisions were communicated through notices from superiors to subordinates at all levels of government. For various reasons, the Qing government’s measures failed to rectify the drawbacks in the administrative sanction regulations for civil officials, but it promoted the publication and editing of the administrative sanction regulations by private bookstores. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A Re-examination of the Chong-Fan-Pi-Nan Administrative Grading System in Qing Dynasty： The Case of System Adjustment in 1742 ZHANG Zhen-Guo 2019, 0(3): 47-65.  Abstract ( )   PDF (15706KB) ( )   The Chong-Fan-Pi-Nan System administrative grading system was established in Qing Dynasty. Following the further excavation of historical archives, scholars need to reexamine many assertions about this system. First, there were f ive corresponding relationships between the four attributes and four grades. The customized corresponding relationship was just one of them, but not the most rational one that the autocratic government enforced. Second, owing to the complex relationship between grades and attributes, and the subdivision of the attributes into different grades, the imperial court forced a unity among the relationships that tended to standardize the relationship and simultaneously make the system simple and inflexible. Third, the adjustment of def icient grade was the result of a combination of objective and subjective reasons. Thesubjective reasons were more obscure and easily omitted, thus concealing the real motivation for the conduct and power claims. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Origin and Evolution of Manchurian Sacrificial Rites in Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of National Ritual System WU EnRong 2019, 0(3): 66-76.  Abstract ( )   PDF (8927KB) ( )   The Manchurian sacrif icial rites of the Qing dynasty originated from Manchurian folk customs and religious beliefs. After Chongde became emperor, the sacrif icial rites began to diverge, and some parts of then drew closer to Han ritual. The Shunzhi dynasty inherited the cult system of the Ming dynasty, and the influence of the Manchurian sacrif icial rites, overall, showed a tendency to contract, but the ethnic character and equality of the Manchurian sacrif icial rites were not compatible with the Han rites that highlighted imperial supremacy. Manchurian folk customs and religious attributes that not consistent with the Han rituals could not be completely integrated into the Han“five rites”system. Thus, Qing rulers used Manchurian rituals as an important means to maintain their own national and cultural identity, resulting in the unique phenomenon that the Manchu and Han rituals were independent and compatible within each other in the national ritual system of the Qing dynasty. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Russian Ukanju and the Qing Frontiers in Late 18th Century HUI Nan 2019, 0(3): 77-94.  Abstract ( )   PDF (14624KB) ( )   This article studies the experience of the Russian ukanju (escapees) captured by the Karun’s guards of the Qing frontiers in Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Heilongjiang from 1764 to 1780. Using a series of Manchu archives, and documents of the Russian Orthodox Church, the article illustrates how Russian ukanju who crossed the borders to come to China were sent to Beijing, and then were exiled to Fujian and Guangdong. Finally, some became the uksin (soldiers) of the garrisons of the Eight Banners in Fuzhou or Guangzhou, and others became Manchu uksin’ slaves. This unknown aspect of the history of Qing-Russian relations not only shows the implementation of frontier regulations after the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Treaty of Kyakhta, but also reveals the characteristics of the Qing frontier rules during the late 18th Century. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Copper Shortages in the Yongzheng Period and Suzhou Copper Merchant HUA Li 2019, 0(3): 95-109.  Abstract ( )   PDF (11616KB) ( )    In the Qing Dynasty, copper had long been imported from Nagasaki, Japan to ensure the domestic coinage needs. From the late Kangxi to the early Qianlong reign, the government even implemented policies of “using treasury funds to purchase copper.” It was carried out by off icials who recruited merchants from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Suzhou, therefore, became the center of this business, which attracted many merchants and boatmen. Due to limited historical materials, it has been diff icult to conduct a comprehensive and detailed research of these business activities and living conditions. Focusing on two cases in Suzhou in early Yongzheng era, I use recently collected routine memorials of the Board of Revenue to analyze merchants who were involved in those cases, and to further reveal and describe the merchants who were active in Suzhou and the southeast coast. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Sheng Xuanhuai and the Systematic Reform of Shanghai Telegraph Bureau in the Late Qing Dynasty ZHOU Ji-Ming, DING Liang 2019, 0(3): 110-125.  Abstract ( )   PDF (12896KB) ( )   From its founding, the Shanghai Telegraph Bureau was repeatedly trespassed by the Qing court and the Beiyang clique. The officials and businessmen fought fiercely, and the interests of all parties were entangled. Sheng Xuanhuai, being at the center of the game vortex and interest disputes, resisted the Qing court on behalf of the interests of stock investors, not only because he was a far-sighted industrialist, but because his personal interests were entangled with those of the telegraph bureau. His proposition of changing the idea of “government confiscating commercial property” to “government buying out business”，together with the opinion proposed by stock investors that the government should handle its relationship with private assets through “peaceful negotiation” and “reaching a consensus by consulting the majority” are important idealogical clues for a modern restructuring of the country’s economic mode from its pre-modern status References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Conflict between the Mass Media and Qing Government Reflected by The Case of Fake Emperor in Wuchang WANG Gang 2019, 0(3): 126-139.  Abstract ( )   PDF (11192KB) ( )   “The Fake Emperor Guangxu in Wuchang” was a well-known composition by Liu Chengyu. Although the plot sounds interesting, the story was not likely accurate. This article reveals the specific chain of events surrounding this work and discusses the political situation on the eve of Boxer Movement. It concludes that The Fake Emperor was a fraud and had no political intent. The political chaos of the time mainly resulted from the serious conflicts in the attempted establishment of a Crown Prince in 1899. Perhaps most remarkable, the mass media, which mostly edited by reformers, was strongly against Qing Government’s plan of announcing a Crown Prince. So, the media energetically took the fake Emperor rumors to provoke people’s emotions, and there is no doubt regarding the Government’s vengeful repression. This trend partly resulted in the Government’s antiforeignism as well as the worsening of the overall political situation. References | Related Articles | Metrics