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15 May 2016, Volume 0 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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The Tendency of the Courtiers to Become the Palace Attendants: The Title“Concurrently Serving in the Inner Court” in the Qing Dynasty QI Meiqin 2016, 0(2): 1-25.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1745KB) ( )   “Concurrently serving in the inner court” was a specific official tile in the Qing dynasty. The creation of the title was closely related to the tendency of courtiers to become the palace attendants. This article explores the composition，sources，status and duties of courtiers who served in the inner court，and suggests that these officials were present every day and consulted by the emperor，thereby concentrating of the most important state affairs around the emperor. This gave rise to decisions being made by the emperor’s will. The status of the courtier were thus transformed into palace attendants. Concurrently serving in the inner court along with other titles such as “officials in the inner court” “princess and ministers in the inner court”，and “commissioned Amban” embodied the supremacy the of the emperorship and the important changes in the imperial bureaucracy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Three items of research of Mao Wen-long WANG Ronghuang 2016, 0(2): 26-44.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1674KB) ( )   Mao Wen-long was an important Anti-Qing general in the late Ming dynasty，who had an inneglected status in the war between Ming and Qing dynasties. Three hundred years from then on，there had been a long-time debate among academia and people about the evaluation of Mao Wen-long and Yuan Chong- huan. The paper selected three representative issues such as the relations between Mao Wen-long and the eunuch clique，had Mao Wen-long exaggerated the quantities of his army，and had Mao Wen-long lied in his reports，by which to have a detailed analysis on the merits and demerits of Mao Wen-long. Then we analyzed the deep social and historical reasons concealed in these three issues，in addition to subjective and objective related factors which had affected judgment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Emperor Qianlong’s Birth Mother and The Emperor’s Han Chinese Blood lineage DU Jiaji 2016, 0(2): 45-56.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1576KB) ( )   This article argued that the birth mother of Emperor Qianlong was not the Han “Qian”，but the daughter of Peng，a Han who lived in Baodi prefecture，and her father was Manchurian Niuhuru Lingzhu. Lingzhu and his ancestors had some of blood lineage of Han，so the daughter also had plenty of blood lineages of Han. Therefore the son she had with Prince Yinzhen，as known as Emperor Qianlong，also had blood lineage of Han，and his blood lineage of Han was more than that of Manchu，and combined with some blood lineage of Mongolian，which made him a mix-blood of Han，Manchu and Mongolian. This article argued that there are a lot of problems with the imperial edict which conferred the birth mother of Qianlong as “Qian”. In this article，the author proved that the birth mother of Qianlong could not be “Qian”，but the Niuhuru. The reason for the “Qian” appeared in the imperial edict is as followed. Prince Yuntao who wrote down emperor’s verbal instructions used stenography and abbreviation to write down Niuhuru as Niu. However，due to his careless handwriting，the officials who wrote imperial edict mistaken it as “Qian”. They didn’t notice the mistake until they wrote it down on the golden book and gave it to the awardee. Yuntao who made this mistake was then punished for mistaking the name of imperial concubine. The birth mother of Emperor Qianlong was the daughter of a Han，which is also an important fact that proved intermarriage between Manchu and Han was forbidden but actually existed in Qing dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study on the Institution of Making Inheritor in the Qing Dynasty Based on Law，Clan Rules and Folk Habitus WANG Yuesheng 2016, 0(2): 57-74.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1758KB) ( )   Making inheritor was constrained and guided by law，clan rules and folk habitus in the Qing dynasty. According to law of the time，making inheritor should obeyed Zhao Mu order that was related to the funeral and sacrificial modes，while it had some elastic regulations that allowed the man or his family without son to choose an heir from the clansmen he or his spouse liked. The clan rule of the making inheritor was consistent with the law，even it was more conservative than the law. The sequential principle to choose an heir was softened to some extent in the folk habitus，so that to be more in line with interests of the families choosing heirs. The case of making inheritor shows，the folk practice of making inheritor did not strictly follow the legal rules，but to be adjusted to a certain extent. Illegal practice in process of making inheritor was not individual phenomenon in folk society of the Qing Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Debt Homicide Cases in mid Qianlong and mid-late Daoguang Reigns LIN Zhan et al 2016, 0(2): 75-86.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1570KB) ( )   Using a sample of 12163 debt homicide cases for 1766 - 1775 and 1836 - 1845，collected from homicide reports of Qing Dynasty，this paper explores the characteristics of debt contracts formation and execution. We find that，on the formation side，these contracts are mostly made orally，with relative small capital amount，lots of zero-interest rate loans and short and often not clear loan period，and usually without collateral or guarantors. On the execution side，most deals are executed by lenders themselves， guarantors are rarely involved in resolving disputes，and very few disputes are submitted to court. These lending transactions display a remarkable feature of vagueness. By listing several cases，we find that this kind of vagueness is one of important causes of violence. Related Articles | Metrics

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The French Mission in Peking after the Suppression of the Society of Jesus: A Study Based on the Correspondences of the Missionaries LV Ying 2016, 0(2): 87-98.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1598KB) ( )   In the 18th century，the Society of Jesus developed into an enormous international religious order. Unfortunately in 1773，over 200 years since its foundation，it was suppressed by Pope Clément XIV by the promulgation of the papal brief-Dominus ac Redemptor after encountering much criticism for its submission to the leadership of the Roman Curia and the missionary work it carried out overseas. The incident prompted the Portuguese and the Roman Congregations for the Propagation of the Faith who had long-standing conflicting interests in China to grab the property used to belong to the French mission in Peking. To protect them from being snatched by other countries，the former members of the Jesuits in conjunction with the French Emperor and some ministers started a hard-won battle over the ownership of these properties that took over a decade and engaged stakeholders across two continents. Thanks to their consistent efforts，the Roman Congregations for the Propagation of the Faith eventually approved in 1783 that the French mission in Peking should be taken over by the French Congregation of the Mission ( Lazarists) . In 1814，the Society of Jesus was reinstated by Pie VII and in 1842 members of the Society was dispatched back to China and the Mission of Peking has remained the responsibility of the French Congregation of the Mission ever since. Related Articles | Metrics

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Country Without the Lord: The Reconstruction of the City of Beijing after the Boxer movement DAI Haibin 2016, 0(2): 99-119.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1720KB) ( )   During the boxer movement，the Beijing city was occupied by the allied forces of eight countries，the Empress Dowager Ci Xi and Emperor Guangxu had fled，and the Beijing city was actually in the extreme state of “the country without the Lord” before Yikuang returned. This article focus on the different groups of central government officials，investigates their political actions and investigate their connections to the foreign countries. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Historical Reflection on “the Death of Protet” : Relations Between France and Qing Dynasty During the Joint Suppression of the Taiping Army JIANG Tianyue 2016, 0(2): 120-133.  Abstract ( )   PDF (4337KB) ( )   After the Treaty of Beijing in 1860，France assigned Protet，the first commander in chief of the French Naval Division in China Sea，to lead the joint operation with Qing Dynasty against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Protet was killed during the Engagement at Nanqiao in 1862，which made him the foreign commander with the highest rank who was killed by Taiping Army. This article examines the death of Protet from angles from both home and abroad as well as the reaction by related parties，also pointing out that the high-class memorial ceremonies by different parties are from their own purposes: Qing court wanted to win support from France to suppress Taiping Army while France viewed Protet as the executor of the Far East Strategy of Napoléon III to expand their impact in China. Through the analyses of what Protet did during his stay in China and the impact on the political issues，we can reveal in depth France’s reason of its own interest in the joint operation and its tricky relationship with China. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Transition from the Old to New Shanghai Customs(1685-1858) ZHOU Yumin 2016, 0(2): 134-143.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1551KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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An Examination on the Replacement of Palace Memorial with Routine Memorial(Zhouben）in the Qing Dynasty CHEN Xiaodong 2016, 0(2): 144-147.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1457KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Codification Office in the Qing Dynasty LI Ming 2016, 0(2): 148-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1525KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics