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Inception in Capital Mukden: Formation of the Cultural System in Qing State Before 1644
LIU Fengyun
2016, 0(3):
1-24.
Accompanied with continuous shifting between conquest of wartime and conquered by environment the process of Manchu transformation from tribal to state illustrated conflicts of "civilization” and "barbarian ", and complexity of permeable ethnic and cultural identity. Building Mukden as the capital city was a checkpoint that Manchu rulers have succeeded in the project of both adapting to the cultural and natural environment and the governing of the conquered region，during which they finished the transformation from "hunter-gatherer” to settled rural production. While the cultural appreciation of Nurhaci’s ruling was generally based on the union of Manchus-Mongols as a principle of state-building Hung Taiji’s reform then, though a little contingent, should be treated as a formation of pluralistic culture of Manchu after they entered Mukden and its adjacent region，and accommodated the multi-cultural factors from Han people Confucianism and Mongol nomadic，instead of an insistence of a Manchu cultural "authenticity”. Therefore，a understanding about how Manchus changes during they locate their capital city in Mukden could be helpful recalling the historical memory of how Manchus finished the subjective transformation itself. As a matter of methodology "dual-evidential” based on a combination of archeology and literal research could be clarifying while the perspective of "Inner Asian Turn"，or the emphasizing of "Non-Ian factors in political patterns”，though might be helping to suggest the significance of a historical "China"，was impossible to shake the political cultural infrastructure of Qing state’s Universal Union "Da Yi Tong”.
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